Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance 12th Edition by Scott Powers

1264529813, 1266201882, 1266133909, 9781264529810, 9781266201882, 9781266133909, 9781266188190, 9781266190766, 9781266189333, 9781266483516, 978-1264529810, 978-1266201882, 978-1266133909, 978-1266188190, 978-1266190766, 978-1266189333, 978-1266483516

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Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance 12th Edition by Scott Powers

English | 2024 | Original PDF | 97 MB | 733 Pages
Table of Contents

Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance is designed for students interested in exercise physiology, clinical exercise physiology, human performance, kinesiology/exercise science, physical therapy, and physical education. The text clearly presents the latest understanding of the physiology of exercise through a review of the research and the use of numerous clinical applications. This comprehensive text offers instructors the freedom to select the material that is most important for their courses. The twelfth edition has undergone major revisions with the addition of Dr. John Quindry to the author team, including adding three brand-new chapters focusing on “Exercise is Medicine.”

Table of Contents and Preface
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
New To This Edition
Proctorio
Writing Assignment
Connect
Instructors The Power of Connections
Students Get Learning that Fits You
Acknowledgements
Engaging Presentation of Key Concepts Supported by the Latest Research
Research Focus
A Closer Look
Ask the Expert
Practical Applications of Exercise Physiology
Clinical Applications
The Winning Edge
Chapter 0: Introduction to Exercise Physiology
Section 1 Physiology of Exercise
Chapter 0 Introduction
Milestones in the Evolution of Exercise Physiology
Milestones in Exercise Physiology—The Early Years (1900–1950)
Milestones in Exercise Physiology—Second Half of the Twentieth Century (1951–2000)
Milestones in Exercise Physiology Research—2001 to Present
Exercise Physiology Research: The Path to New Knowledge
The Scientific Method
Classes of Research Designs
Field and Laboratory Research
Basic and Applied Research
Reading and Understanding Scientific Journals
Searching the Scientific Literature
Components of a Scientific Research Report
How to Critically Evaluate the Quality of a Research Study
Exercise Physiology/Sports Science Professional Organizations
Certification by Professional Organizations
Careers in Exercise Physiology and Related Fields
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 1: Common Measurements in Exercise Physiology
Chapter 1 Introduction
Units of Measure
Metric System
SI Units
Work and Power Defined
Work
Power
Types of Ergometers
Bench Step
Cycle Ergometer
Arm Ergometer
Treadmill
Measurement of Work and Power
Cycle Ergometer
Treadmill
Measurement of Energy Expenditure
Direct Calorimetry
Indirect Calorimetry
Common Expressions of Oxygen Consumption and Energy Expenditure
Estimation of Energy Expenditure
Calculation of Exercise Efficiency
Factors That Influence Exercise Efficiency
Running Economy
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 2: Control of the Internal Environment
Chapter 2 Introduction
Homeostasis: Dynamic Constancy
Control Systems of the Body
Nature of the Control Systems
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Gain of a Control System
Examples of Homeostatic Control
Regulation of Body Temperature
Regulation of Blood Glucose
Exercise: A Test of Homeostatic Control
Exercise Improves Homeostatic Control Via Cellular Adaptation
Stress Proteins Assist in the Regulation of Cellular Homeostasis
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 3: Bioenergetics
Chapter 3 Introduction
Cell Structure
Biological Energy Transformation
Cellular Chemical Reactions
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Enzymes
Fuels for Exercise
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
High-Energy Phosphates
Bioenergetics
Anaerobic ATP Production
Aerobic ATP Production
Aerobic ATP Tally
Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Control of Bioenergetics
Control of ATP-PC System
Control of Glycolysis
Control of Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 4: Exercise Metabolism
Chapter 4 Introduction
Domains of Exercise Intensity
Energy Requirements at Rest
Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
Recovery from Exercise: Metabolic Responses
Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity
Short-Term, Severe Exercise
Prolonged Exercise
Incremental Exercise
Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise
Factors Governing Fuel Selection
Exercise Intensity and Fuel Selection
Exercise Duration and Fuel Selection
Interaction of Fat/Carbohydrate Metabolism
Body Fuel Sources
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 5: Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Responses to Exercise
Chapter 5 Introduction
Neuroendocrinology
Blood Hormone Concentration
Hormone–Receptor Interaction
Hormones: Regulation and Action
Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Testes and Ovaries
Hormonal Control of Substrate Mobilization During Exercise
Muscle-Glycogen Utilization
Blood Glucose Homeostasis during Exercise
Hormone–Substrate Interaction
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 6: Exercise and the Immune System
Chapter 6 Introduction
Overview of the Immune System
Innate Immune System
Acquired Immune System
Exercise and the Immune System
Exercise and Resistance to Infection
Exercise, Circulating Immune Cell Counts, and Activity
High-Intensity/Long-Duration Aerobic Exercise Increases the Risk of Infection
Exercising in Environmental Extremes: Increased Risk for Infection?
Should You Exercise When You Have a Cold?
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 7: The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
Chapter 7 Introduction
General Nervous System Functions
Organization of the Nervous System
Structure of the Neuron
Electrical Activity in Neurons
Sensory Information and Reflexes
Joint Proprioceptors
Muscle Proprioceptors
Muscle Chemoreceptors
Somatic Motor Function and Motor Neurons
Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium
Motor Control Functions of the Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord
Control of Motor Functions
Autonomic Nervous System
Motor Unit Aging and the Preventive Influence of Exercise Training
Exercise Enhances Brain Health
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 8: Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
Chapter 8 Introduction
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Neuromuscular Junction
Muscular Contraction
Overview of the Sliding Filament/Swinging Lever-Arm Model
Energy for Contraction
Regulation of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Exercise and Muscle Fatigue
Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps
Dehydration and Electrolyte Imbalance Theory
Altered Neuromuscular Control Theory
Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps: Conclusions
Muscle Fiber Types
Overview of Biochemical and Contractile Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
Functional Characteristics of Muscle Fiber Types
Fiber Types and Performance
Muscle Actions
Speed of Muscle Action and Relaxation
Force Regulation in Muscle
Force-Velocity/Power-Velocity Relationships
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 9: Circulatory Responses to Exercise
Chapter 9 Introduction
Organization of the Circulatory System
Structure of the Heart
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
Heart: Myocardium and Cardiac Cycle
Myocardium
Cardiac Cycle
Arterial Blood Pressure
Factors That Influence Arterial Blood Pressure
Electrical Activity of the Heart
Cardiac Output
Regulation of Heart Rate
Heart Rate Variability
Regulation of Stroke Volume
Hemodynamics
Physical Characteristics of Blood
Relationships among Pressure, Resistance, and Flow
Sources of Vascular Resistance
Changes in Oxygen Delivery to Muscle During Exercise
Changes in Cardiac Output during Exercise
Changes in Arterial-Mixed Venous O2 Content during Exercise
Redistribution of Blood Flow during Exercise
Regulation of Local Blood Flow during Exercise
Circulatory Responses to Exercise
Pressure and Volume Responses to Exercise
Emotional Influence
Transition from Rest to Exercise
Recovery from Exercise
Incremental Exercise
Arm Versus Leg Exercise
Intermittent Exercise
Prolonged Exercise
Regulation of Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 10: Respiration during Exercise
Chapter 10 Introduction
Function of the Respiratory System—The Big Picture
Structure of the Respiratory System
Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone
Mechanics of Breathing
Inspiration
Expiration
Airway Resistance
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
Diffusion of Gases
Blood Flow to the Lung
Ventilation–Perfusion Relationships
O2 and CO2 Transport in Blood
Hemoglobin and O2 Transport
Oxygen–Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
O2 Transport in Muscle
CO2 Transport in Blood
Ventilation and Acid–Base Balance
Ventilatory and Blood–Gas Responses to Exercise
Rest-to-Work Transitions
Prolonged Exercise in a Hot Environment
Incremental Exercise
Changes in Breathing Pattern during Exercise
Control of Ventilation
Ventilatory Regulation at Rest
Respiratory Control Center
Input to the Respiratory Control Center
Ventilatory Control during Moderate-Intensity Exercise
Ventilatory Control during Heavy and Very Heavy Exercise
Do the Lungs Adapt to Exercise Training?
Does the Pulmonary System Limit Maximal Exercise Performance?
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 11: Acid-Base Balance during Exercise
Chapter 11 Introduction
Acids, Bases, and pH
Hydrogen Ion Production during Exercise
Importance of Acid-Base Regulation during Exercise
Acid-Base Buffer Systems
Intracellular Buffers
Influence of Muscle Fiber Type and Exercise Training on Intracellular Buffer Capacity
Extracellular Buffers
Respiratory Influence on Acid-Base Balance
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance Via the Kidneys
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance During Exercise
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 12: Temperature Regulation
Chapter 12 Introduction
Overview of Heat Balance during Exercise
Temperature Measurement during Exercise
Overview of Heat Production/Heat Loss
Heat Production
Heat Loss
Heat Storage in the Body during Exercise
Body’s Thermostat—Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus
Shift in the Hypothalamic Thermostat Set Point Due to Fever
Thermal Events During Exercise
Heat Index—A Measure of How Hot It Feels
Exercise in a Hot Environment
Sweat Rates during Exercise
Exercise Performance is Impaired in a Hot Environment
Gender and Age Differences in Thermoregulation
Heat Acclimation
Loss of Acclimation
Exercise in a Cold Environment
Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Cold
Cold Acclimation
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 13: The Physiology of Training: Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Training
Chapter 13 Introduction
Principles of Training
Overload and Reversibility
Specificity
Endurance Training and V̇O2 Max
Training Programs and Changes in V̇O2 Max
Why Does Exercise Training Improve V̇O2 Max?
Stroke Volume
Arteriovenous O2 Difference
Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis
Endurance Training-Induced Changes in Fiber Type and Capillarity
Endurance Training Increases Mitochondrial Content in Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Training-Induced Changes in Muscle Fuel Utilization
Endurance Training Improves Muscle Antioxidant Capacity
Exercise Training Improves Acid-Base Balance during Exercise
Molecular Bases of Exercise Training Adaptation
Training Adaptation—Big Picture
Specificity of Exercise Training Responses
Primary Signal Transduction Pathways in Skeletal Muscle
Secondary Messengers in Skeletal Muscle
Signaling Events Leading to Endurance Training-Induced Muscle Adaptation
Endurance Training: Links Between Muscle and Systemic Physiology
Peripheral Feedback
Central Command
Detraining Following Endurance Training
Muscle Adaptations to Anaerobic Exercise Training
Anaerobic Training-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscles
Anaerobic Training-Induced Increases in Performance
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 14: The Physiology of Resistance Training
Chapter 14 Introduction
Physiological Effects of Resistance Exercise Training
Resistance Training Promotes Changes in the Nervous System
Resistance Training Alters the Properties of Muscle Fibers
Resistance Training–Induced Changes in Muscle Fiber Type
Does Resistance Training Improve Muscle Oxidative Capacity and Increase Capillary Number?
Resistance Training Improves Muscle Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
Resistance Training Increases Tendon and Ligament Strength
Resistance Training Improves Bone Mineral Content
Time Course and Signaling Events Leading to Resistance Training–Induced Muscle Growth
Time Course of Muscle Protein Synthesis
Signaling Events Leading to Resistance Training–Induced Muscle Growth
Do Hormones Contribute to Resistance Training–Induced Hypertrophy?
Do Anti-inflammatory Drugs Impact Training-induced Hypertrophy?
Role of Satellite Cells in Resistance Training–Induced Hypertrophy
Genetic Influence on the Magnitude of Resistance Training–Induced Hypertrophy
Detraining Following Strength Training
Prolonged Inactivity of Skeletal Muscles Leads to Rapid Atrophy
Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training
Mechanisms Responsible for the Impairment of Strength Development during Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 15: Exercise Is Medicine–Part 1: Prevention of Chronic Diseases
Section 2 Physiology of Health and Fitness
Chapter 15 Introduction
Key Terms Used in Exercise Epidemiology
Prolonged Sedentary Behavior Increases the Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Chronic Diseases
Prolonged Sitting Is Associated with Increased All-Cause Mortality
Sedentary Behavior Increases the Risk of Death from CHD
Biological Links Between Prolonged SB and Chronic Diseases
Exercise is Medicine
Aerobic PA Reduces all Cause Mortality
Aerobic PA Reduces All-Cause Mortality by Lowering the Risk of Death from Chronic Diseases
Biological Links Between Aerobic PA and The Reduced Incidence of Chronic Diseases
Protection Against CHD: Cardiovascular Benefits of Aerobic Exercise
Aerobic PA Reduces the Risk of Cancer
Aerobic PA Protects Against Severe Illness or Death from COVID-19
Aerobic PA Reduces Both the Risk of Stroke and Brain Damage Due to Stroke
Protection Against Alzheimer’s Disease-Health Benefits of Aerobic PA
Aerobic PA/Exercise Improves Metabolic Health and Protects Against Type 2 Diabetes
Resistance Training Reduces all Cause Mortality
Resistance Training Reduces All-Cause Mortality by Lowering the Risk of Death from Type II Diabetes and Cancer
Biological Links Between Resistance Exercise and Reduced All-Cause Mortality
Mechanisms Linking Resistance Exercise to Protection Against Type 2 Diabetes
Mechanisms Linking Resistance Exercise to Reduced Risk of Cancer
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 16: Exercise Is Medicine–Part 2: Therapy for Chronic Diseases and Prevention of Age-related Physiological Dysfunction
Chapter 16 Introduction
Exercise and Cardiovascular Diseases
Exercise as a Therapy for CHD
Exercise as Therapy for Hypertension
Exercise as Therapy for Patients Recovering from Stroke
Exercise as Therapy for Cancer Patients
Overview of Cancer as a Chronic Disease
Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Are Beneficial to Cancer Patients
Mechanisms Linking Exercise to Successful Treatment of Cancer
Exercise as Therapy for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Overview of COPD
Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Benefits COPD Patients
Mechanisms Linking Exercise to Successful Treatment of COPD
Exercise as Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes
Overview of Type 2 Diabetes
Exercise Benefits Type 2 Diabetics
Mechanisms Connecting Exercise to Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Exercise as Therapy to Delay Age-Related Declines in Physiological Function
Overview of Age-Related Declines in Physiological Function
Exercise Delays the Age-Related Loss in Physiological Function
Mechanisms Regulating Exercise-Induced Improvements in Physiological Function in Older Individuals
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 17: Exercise Is Medicine–Part 3: Exercise Prescriptions for Health and Fitness
Chapter 17 Introduction
Exercise Dose-Response Curve
Defining a Dose of Exercise
Physical Activity Guidelines to Improve Health
Light-intensity Physical Activity, Step Counts, and Health
Exercise Prescription for cardiorespiratory fitness
Frequency
Exercise Intensity
Monitoring Heart Rate
Time (Duration)
Assessment of V̇O2 max
Direct Measurement of V̇O2 max
Estimating V̇O2 max
Strength Training
Training to Improve Flexibility
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 18: Nutrition, Body Composition, and Weight Management
Chapter 18 Introduction
Nutrition—The Science of Food
Classes and Functions of Nutrients
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids (fats)
Water
Micronutrients
Vitamins
Minerals
Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Guidelines
Estimated Average Requirements
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Adequate Intakes
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
Estimated Energy Requirement
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Nutrition Facts Panel on Food
Nutritional Recommendations for Intake of Macro- and Micronutrients
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Recommendations for Micronutrient Intake
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Body Composition
Methods of Assessing Overweight and Obesity
Methods of Measuring Body Composition
What is a Healthy Percent Body Fat?
Weight Loss: Role of Diet and Exercise
Body Energy Balance
Popular Diet Plans
Does the Macronutrient Composition of Diets Influence Weight Loss?
Factors that Influence Adherence to a Diet
Low-Energy Diets Result in a Loss of Both Fat and Fat Free Mass
Exercise Alone Does Not Promote Long-Term Weight Loss
Combining Exercise and Diet Promotes Weight Loss and Maintains Fat Free Mass
Steps to Achieving a Healthy Percent Body Fat
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 19: Factors Affecting Performance
Section 3 Physiology of Performance
Chapter 19 Introduction
Sites of Fatigue
Central Fatigue
Peripheral Fatigue
Both Central and Peripheral Fatigue
Factors Limiting All-Out Anaerobic Performances
Ultra Short-Term Performances (Ten Seconds or Less)
Short-Term Performances (10–180 Seconds)
Factors Limiting All-Out Aerobic Performances
Moderate-Length Performances (3–20 Minutes)
Intermediate-Length Performances (21–60 Minutes)
Long-Term Performances (1–4 Hours)
Athlete as Machine
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 20: Training for Performance
Chapter 20 Introduction
Training Principles
Overload, Specificity, and Reversibility
Influence of Gender and Initial Fitness Level
Influence of Genetics
Components of a Training Session: Warm-Up, Workout, and Cool Down
Training to Improve Aerobic Power
Interval Training
Long, Slow-Distance Exercise
High-Intensity, Continuous Exercise
Altitude Training Improves Exercise Performance at Sea Level
Injuries and Endurance Training
Training to Improve Anaerobic Power
Training to Improve the ATP-PC System
Training to Improve the Glycolytic System
Training to Improve Muscular Strength
Progressive Resistance Exercise
General Strength-Training Principles
Free Weights Versus Machines
Gender Differences in Response to Strength Training
Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training Programs
Nutritional Influence on Training-Induced Skeletal Muscle Adaptations
Carbohydrate Availability in Skeletal Muscle Influences Endurance Training Adaptation
Protein Availability in Skeletal Muscle Influences Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Exercise
Supplementation with Mega Doses of Antioxidants
Muscle Soreness
Training to Improve Flexibility
Year-Round Conditioning for Athletes
Off-Season Conditioning
Preseason Conditioning
In-Season Conditioning
Common Training Mistakes
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 21: Training for the Female Athlete, Children, Special Populations, and the Masters Athlete
Chapter 21 Introduction
Factors Important to Women Involved in Vigorous Training
Exercise and Menstrual Disorders
Training and Menstruation
The Female Athlete and Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders: Final Comments
Bone Mineral Disorders and the Female Athlete
Exercise During Pregnancy
Risk of Knee Injury in Female Athletes
Sports Conditioning for Children
Training and the Cardiopulmonary System
Training and the Musculoskeletal System
Progress in Pediatric Exercise Science
Competitive Training for People with Diabetes
Training for People with Asthma
Epilepsy and Physical Training
Does Exercise Promote Seizures?
Risk of Injury Due to Seizures
Exercise Performance and Training for Masters Athletes
Age-Related Changes in Muscular Strength
Aging and Endurance Performance
Training Guidelines for Masters Athletes
Lifelong Exercise Benefits the Aging Process
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 22: Nutrition, Body Composition, and Performance
Chapter 22 Introduction
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate Diets and Performance
Carbohydrate Intake Prior to or During a Performance
Carbohydrate Intake Post-Performance
Protein
Protein Requirements and Exercise
Protein Requirements for Athletes
Water and Electrolytes
Fluid Replacement—Before Exercise
Fluid Replacement—During Exercise
Fluid Replacement—After Exercise
Salt (NaCl)
Minerals
Iron
Vitamins
Precompetition Meal
Nutrients in Precompetition Meal
Body Composition and Performance
Time Restricted Feeding, Intermittent Fasting, and Exercise Performance
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 23: Exercise and the Environment
Chapter 23 Introduction
Altitude
Atmospheric Pressure
Short-Term Anaerobic Performance
Long-Term Aerobic Performance
Maximal Aerobic Power and Altitude
Acclimatization to High Altitude
Training for Competition at Altitude
The Quest for Everest
Heat
Hyperthermia
Implications for Fitness
Implications for Performance
Cold
Environmental Factors
Insulating Factors
Heat Production
Descriptive Characteristics
Dealing with Hypothermia
Air Pollution
Particulate Matter
Ozone
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 24: Ergogenic Aids
Chapter 24 Introduction
Research Design Concerns
Dietary Supplements
Aerobic Performance
Oxygen
Blood Doping
Anaerobic Performance
Blood Buffers
Drugs
Amphetamines
Caffeine
Mechanical Ergogenic Aids
Cycling
Performance Enhancing Wearable Equipment
Physical Warm-Up
Study Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Appendix A: Calculation of Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production
Appendix A Calculation of Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production
Correction of Gas Volumes to Reference Conditions
Combined Correction Factors
Appendix B: Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Energy Requirements
Appendix B Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Energy Requirements
Appendix C: Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins
Appendix C Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins
Appendix D: Dietary Reference Intakes: Minerals and Elements
Appendix D Dietary Reference Intakes: Minerals and Elements
Appendix E: Percent Fat Estimate for Men: Sum of Triceps, Chest, and Subscapula Skinfolds
Appendix E Percent Fat Estimate for Men: Sum of Triceps, Chest, and Subscapula Skinfolds
Appendix F: Percent Fat Estimate for Women: Sum of Triceps, Abdomen, and Suprailium Skinfolds
Appendix F Percent Fat Estimate for Women: Sum of Triceps, Abdomen, and Suprailium Skinfolds
Appendix G: MET Equivalents for Exercise, Activities of Daily Living, and Household Chores
Appendix G MET Equivalents for Exercise, Activities of Daily Living, and Household Chores
Glossary
Glossary
Index
Index
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Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance 12th Edition by Scott Powers

1264529813, 1266201882, 1266133909, 9781264529810, 9781266201882, 9781266133909, 9781266188190, 9781266190766, 9781266189333, 9781266483516, 978-1264529810, 978-1266201882, 978-1266133909, 978-1266188190, 978-1266190766, 978-1266189333, 978-1266483516

10 $