Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application for Fitness and Performance
Scott Powers, 1264529813, 1266201882, 1266133909, 9781264529810, 9781266201882, 9781266133909, 978-1264529810, 978-1266201882, 978-1266133909, 1-266-13390-9, 978-1-266-13390-9
Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance is designed for students interested in exercise physiology, clinical exercise physiology, human performance, kinesiology/exercise science, physical therapy, and physical education. The text clearly presents the latest understanding of the physiology of exercise through a review of the research and the use of numerous clinical applications. This comprehensive text offers instructors the freedom to select the material that is most important for their courses. The twelfth edition has undergone major revisions with the addition of Dr. John Quindry to the author team, including adding three brand-new chapters focusing on “Exercise is Medicine.”
- Table of Contents and Preface
- Cover Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Preface
- New To This Edition
- Proctorio
- Writing Assignment
- Connect
- Instructors The Power of Connections
- Students Get Learning that Fits You
- Acknowledgements
- Engaging Presentation of Key Concepts Supported by the Latest Research
- Research Focus
- A Closer Look
- Ask the Expert
- Practical Applications of Exercise Physiology
- Clinical Applications
- The Winning Edge
- Chapter 0: Introduction to Exercise Physiology
- Section 1 Physiology of Exercise
- Chapter 0 Introduction
- Milestones in the Evolution of Exercise Physiology
- Milestones in Exercise Physiology—The Early Years (1900–1950)
- Milestones in Exercise Physiology—Second Half of the Twentieth Century (1951–2000)
- Milestones in Exercise Physiology Research—2001 to Present
- Exercise Physiology Research: The Path to New Knowledge
- The Scientific Method
- Classes of Research Designs
- Field and Laboratory Research
- Basic and Applied Research
- Reading and Understanding Scientific Journals
- Searching the Scientific Literature
- Components of a Scientific Research Report
- How to Critically Evaluate the Quality of a Research Study
- Exercise Physiology/Sports Science Professional Organizations
- Certification by Professional Organizations
- Careers in Exercise Physiology and Related Fields
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 1: Common Measurements in Exercise Physiology
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Units of Measure
- Metric System
- SI Units
- Work and Power Defined
- Work
- Power
- Types of Ergometers
- Bench Step
- Cycle Ergometer
- Arm Ergometer
- Treadmill
- Measurement of Work and Power
- Cycle Ergometer
- Treadmill
- Measurement of Energy Expenditure
- Direct Calorimetry
- Indirect Calorimetry
- Common Expressions of Oxygen Consumption and Energy Expenditure
- Estimation of Energy Expenditure
- Calculation of Exercise Efficiency
- Factors That Influence Exercise Efficiency
- Running Economy
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 2: Control of the Internal Environment
- Chapter 2 Introduction
- Homeostasis: Dynamic Constancy
- Control Systems of the Body
- Nature of the Control Systems
- Negative Feedback
- Positive Feedback
- Gain of a Control System
- Examples of Homeostatic Control
- Regulation of Body Temperature
- Regulation of Blood Glucose
- Exercise: A Test of Homeostatic Control
- Exercise Improves Homeostatic Control Via Cellular Adaptation
- Stress Proteins Assist in the Regulation of Cellular Homeostasis
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 3: Bioenergetics
- Chapter 3 Introduction
- Cell Structure
- Biological Energy Transformation
- Cellular Chemical Reactions
- Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
- Enzymes
- Fuels for Exercise
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Proteins
- High-Energy Phosphates
- Bioenergetics
- Anaerobic ATP Production
- Aerobic ATP Production
- Aerobic ATP Tally
- Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Control of Bioenergetics
- Control of ATP-PC System
- Control of Glycolysis
- Control of Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
- Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 4: Exercise Metabolism
- Chapter 4 Introduction
- Domains of Exercise Intensity
- Energy Requirements at Rest
- Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
- Recovery from Exercise: Metabolic Responses
- Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity
- Short-Term, Severe Exercise
- Prolonged Exercise
- Incremental Exercise
- Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise
- Factors Governing Fuel Selection
- Exercise Intensity and Fuel Selection
- Exercise Duration and Fuel Selection
- Interaction of Fat/Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Body Fuel Sources
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 5: Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Responses to Exercise
- Chapter 5 Introduction
- Neuroendocrinology
- Blood Hormone Concentration
- Hormone–Receptor Interaction
- Hormones: Regulation and Action
- Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Adrenal Gland
- Pancreas
- Testes and Ovaries
- Hormonal Control of Substrate Mobilization During Exercise
- Muscle-Glycogen Utilization
- Blood Glucose Homeostasis during Exercise
- Hormone–Substrate Interaction
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 6: Exercise and the Immune System
- Chapter 6 Introduction
- Overview of the Immune System
- Innate Immune System
- Acquired Immune System
- Exercise and the Immune System
- Exercise and Resistance to Infection
- Exercise, Circulating Immune Cell Counts, and Activity
- High-Intensity/Long-Duration Aerobic Exercise Increases the Risk of Infection
- Exercising in Environmental Extremes: Increased Risk for Infection?
- Should You Exercise When You Have a Cold?
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 7: The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
- Chapter 7 Introduction
- General Nervous System Functions
- Organization of the Nervous System
- Structure of the Neuron
- Electrical Activity in Neurons
- Sensory Information and Reflexes
- Joint Proprioceptors
- Muscle Proprioceptors
- Muscle Chemoreceptors
- Somatic Motor Function and Motor Neurons
- Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium
- Motor Control Functions of the Brain
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brain Stem
- Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord
- Control of Motor Functions
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Motor Unit Aging and the Preventive Influence of Exercise Training
- Exercise Enhances Brain Health
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 8: Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
- Chapter 8 Introduction
- Structure of Skeletal Muscle
- Neuromuscular Junction
- Muscular Contraction
- Overview of the Sliding Filament/Swinging Lever-Arm Model
- Energy for Contraction
- Regulation of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
- Exercise and Muscle Fatigue
- Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps
- Dehydration and Electrolyte Imbalance Theory
- Altered Neuromuscular Control Theory
- Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps: Conclusions
- Muscle Fiber Types
- Overview of Biochemical and Contractile Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
- Functional Characteristics of Muscle Fiber Types
- Fiber Types and Performance
- Muscle Actions
- Speed of Muscle Action and Relaxation
- Force Regulation in Muscle
- Force-Velocity/Power-Velocity Relationships
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 9: Circulatory Responses to Exercise
- Chapter 9 Introduction
- Organization of the Circulatory System
- Structure of the Heart
- Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
- Heart: Myocardium and Cardiac Cycle
- Myocardium
- Cardiac Cycle
- Arterial Blood Pressure
- Factors That Influence Arterial Blood Pressure
- Electrical Activity of the Heart
- Cardiac Output
- Regulation of Heart Rate
- Heart Rate Variability
- Regulation of Stroke Volume
- Hemodynamics
- Physical Characteristics of Blood
- Relationships among Pressure, Resistance, and Flow
- Sources of Vascular Resistance
- Changes in Oxygen Delivery to Muscle During Exercise
- Changes in Cardiac Output during Exercise
- Changes in Arterial-Mixed Venous O2 Content during Exercise
- Redistribution of Blood Flow during Exercise
- Regulation of Local Blood Flow during Exercise
- Circulatory Responses to Exercise
- Pressure and Volume Responses to Exercise
- Emotional Influence
- Transition from Rest to Exercise
- Recovery from Exercise
- Incremental Exercise
- Arm Versus Leg Exercise
- Intermittent Exercise
- Prolonged Exercise
- Regulation of Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 10: Respiration during Exercise
- Chapter 10 Introduction
- Function of the Respiratory System—The Big Picture
- Structure of the Respiratory System
- Conducting Zone
- Respiratory Zone
- Mechanics of Breathing
- Inspiration
- Expiration
- Airway Resistance
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
- Diffusion of Gases
- Blood Flow to the Lung
- Ventilation–Perfusion Relationships
- O2 and CO2 Transport in Blood
- Hemoglobin and O2 Transport
- Oxygen–Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
- O2 Transport in Muscle
- CO2 Transport in Blood
- Ventilation and Acid–Base Balance
- Ventilatory and Blood–Gas Responses to Exercise
- Rest-to-Work Transitions
- Prolonged Exercise in a Hot Environment
- Incremental Exercise
- Changes in Breathing Pattern during Exercise
- Control of Ventilation
- Ventilatory Regulation at Rest
- Respiratory Control Center
- Input to the Respiratory Control Center
- Ventilatory Control during Moderate-Intensity Exercise
- Ventilatory Control during Heavy and Very Heavy Exercise
- Do the Lungs Adapt to Exercise Training?
- Does the Pulmonary System Limit Maximal Exercise Performance?
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 11: Acid-Base Balance during Exercise
- Chapter 11 Introduction
- Acids, Bases, and pH
- Hydrogen Ion Production during Exercise
- Importance of Acid-Base Regulation during Exercise
- Acid-Base Buffer Systems
- Intracellular Buffers
- Influence of Muscle Fiber Type and Exercise Training on Intracellular Buffer Capacity
- Extracellular Buffers
- Respiratory Influence on Acid-Base Balance
- Regulation of Acid-Base Balance Via the Kidneys
- Regulation of Acid-Base Balance During Exercise
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 12: Temperature Regulation
- Chapter 12 Introduction
- Overview of Heat Balance during Exercise
- Temperature Measurement during Exercise
- Overview of Heat Production/Heat Loss
- Heat Production
- Heat Loss
- Heat Storage in the Body during Exercise
- Body’s Thermostat—Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus
- Shift in the Hypothalamic Thermostat Set Point Due to Fever
- Thermal Events During Exercise
- Heat Index—A Measure of How Hot It Feels
- Exercise in a Hot Environment
- Sweat Rates during Exercise
- Exercise Performance is Impaired in a Hot Environment
- Gender and Age Differences in Thermoregulation
- Heat Acclimation
- Loss of Acclimation
- Exercise in a Cold Environment
- Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Cold
- Cold Acclimation
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 13: The Physiology of Training: Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Training
- Chapter 13 Introduction
- Principles of Training
- Overload and Reversibility
- Specificity
- Endurance Training and V̇O2 Max
- Training Programs and Changes in V̇O2 Max
- Why Does Exercise Training Improve V̇O2 Max?
- Stroke Volume
- Arteriovenous O2 Difference
- Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis
- Endurance Training-Induced Changes in Fiber Type and Capillarity
- Endurance Training Increases Mitochondrial Content in Skeletal Muscle Fibers
- Training-Induced Changes in Muscle Fuel Utilization
- Endurance Training Improves Muscle Antioxidant Capacity
- Exercise Training Improves Acid-Base Balance during Exercise
- Molecular Bases of Exercise Training Adaptation
- Training Adaptation—Big Picture
- Specificity of Exercise Training Responses
- Primary Signal Transduction Pathways in Skeletal Muscle
- Secondary Messengers in Skeletal Muscle
- Signaling Events Leading to Endurance Training-Induced Muscle Adaptation
- Endurance Training: Links Between Muscle and Systemic Physiology
- Peripheral Feedback
- Central Command
- Detraining Following Endurance Training
- Muscle Adaptations to Anaerobic Exercise Training
- Anaerobic Training-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscles
- Anaerobic Training-Induced Increases in Performance
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 14: The Physiology of Resistance Training
- Chapter 14 Introduction
- Physiological Effects of Resistance Exercise Training
- Resistance Training Promotes Changes in the Nervous System
- Resistance Training Alters the Properties of Muscle Fibers
- Resistance Training–Induced Changes in Muscle Fiber Type
- Does Resistance Training Improve Muscle Oxidative Capacity and Increase Capillary Number?
- Resistance Training Improves Muscle Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
- Resistance Training Increases Tendon and Ligament Strength
- Resistance Training Improves Bone Mineral Content
- Time Course and Signaling Events Leading to Resistance Training–Induced Muscle Growth
- Time Course of Muscle Protein Synthesis
- Signaling Events Leading to Resistance Training–Induced Muscle Growth
- Do Hormones Contribute to Resistance Training–Induced Hypertrophy?
- Do Anti-inflammatory Drugs Impact Training-induced Hypertrophy?
- Role of Satellite Cells in Resistance Training–Induced Hypertrophy
- Genetic Influence on the Magnitude of Resistance Training–Induced Hypertrophy
- Detraining Following Strength Training
- Prolonged Inactivity of Skeletal Muscles Leads to Rapid Atrophy
- Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training
- Mechanisms Responsible for the Impairment of Strength Development during Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 15: Exercise Is Medicine–Part 1: Prevention of Chronic Diseases
- Section 2 Physiology of Health and Fitness
- Chapter 15 Introduction
- Key Terms Used in Exercise Epidemiology
- Prolonged Sedentary Behavior Increases the Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Chronic Diseases
- Prolonged Sitting Is Associated with Increased All-Cause Mortality
- Sedentary Behavior Increases the Risk of Death from CHD
- Biological Links Between Prolonged SB and Chronic Diseases
- Exercise is Medicine
- Aerobic PA Reduces all Cause Mortality
- Aerobic PA Reduces All-Cause Mortality by Lowering the Risk of Death from Chronic Diseases
- Biological Links Between Aerobic PA and The Reduced Incidence of Chronic Diseases
- Protection Against CHD: Cardiovascular Benefits of Aerobic Exercise
- Aerobic PA Reduces the Risk of Cancer
- Aerobic PA Protects Against Severe Illness or Death from COVID-19
- Aerobic PA Reduces Both the Risk of Stroke and Brain Damage Due to Stroke
- Protection Against Alzheimer’s Disease-Health Benefits of Aerobic PA
- Aerobic PA/Exercise Improves Metabolic Health and Protects Against Type 2 Diabetes
- Resistance Training Reduces all Cause Mortality
- Resistance Training Reduces All-Cause Mortality by Lowering the Risk of Death from Type II Diabetes and Cancer
- Biological Links Between Resistance Exercise and Reduced All-Cause Mortality
- Mechanisms Linking Resistance Exercise to Protection Against Type 2 Diabetes
- Mechanisms Linking Resistance Exercise to Reduced Risk of Cancer
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 16: Exercise Is Medicine–Part 2: Therapy for Chronic Diseases and Prevention of Age-related Physiological Dysfunction
- Chapter 16 Introduction
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Exercise as a Therapy for CHD
- Exercise as Therapy for Hypertension
- Exercise as Therapy for Patients Recovering from Stroke
- Exercise as Therapy for Cancer Patients
- Overview of Cancer as a Chronic Disease
- Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Are Beneficial to Cancer Patients
- Mechanisms Linking Exercise to Successful Treatment of Cancer
- Exercise as Therapy for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
- Overview of COPD
- Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Benefits COPD Patients
- Mechanisms Linking Exercise to Successful Treatment of COPD
- Exercise as Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes
- Overview of Type 2 Diabetes
- Exercise Benefits Type 2 Diabetics
- Mechanisms Connecting Exercise to Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
- Exercise as Therapy to Delay Age-Related Declines in Physiological Function
- Overview of Age-Related Declines in Physiological Function
- Exercise Delays the Age-Related Loss in Physiological Function
- Mechanisms Regulating Exercise-Induced Improvements in Physiological Function in Older Individuals
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 17: Exercise Is Medicine–Part 3: Exercise Prescriptions for Health and Fitness
- Chapter 17 Introduction
- Exercise Dose-Response Curve
- Defining a Dose of Exercise
- Physical Activity Guidelines to Improve Health
- Light-intensity Physical Activity, Step Counts, and Health
- Exercise Prescription for cardiorespiratory fitness
- Frequency
- Exercise Intensity
- Monitoring Heart Rate
- Time (Duration)
- Assessment of V̇O2 max
- Direct Measurement of V̇O2 max
- Estimating V̇O2 max
- Strength Training
- Training to Improve Flexibility
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 18: Nutrition, Body Composition, and Weight Management
- Chapter 18 Introduction
- Nutrition—The Science of Food
- Classes and Functions of Nutrients
- Macronutrients
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids (fats)
- Water
- Micronutrients
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Guidelines
- Estimated Average Requirements
- Recommended Dietary Allowance
- Adequate Intakes
- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
- Estimated Energy Requirement
- Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
- Nutrition Facts Panel on Food
- Nutritional Recommendations for Intake of Macro- and Micronutrients
- Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
- Recommendations for Micronutrient Intake
- Dietary Guidelines for Americans
- Body Composition
- Methods of Assessing Overweight and Obesity
- Methods of Measuring Body Composition
- What is a Healthy Percent Body Fat?
- Weight Loss: Role of Diet and Exercise
- Body Energy Balance
- Popular Diet Plans
- Does the Macronutrient Composition of Diets Influence Weight Loss?
- Factors that Influence Adherence to a Diet
- Low-Energy Diets Result in a Loss of Both Fat and Fat Free Mass
- Exercise Alone Does Not Promote Long-Term Weight Loss
- Combining Exercise and Diet Promotes Weight Loss and Maintains Fat Free Mass
- Steps to Achieving a Healthy Percent Body Fat
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 19: Factors Affecting Performance
- Section 3 Physiology of Performance
- Chapter 19 Introduction
- Sites of Fatigue
- Central Fatigue
- Peripheral Fatigue
- Both Central and Peripheral Fatigue
- Factors Limiting All-Out Anaerobic Performances
- Ultra Short-Term Performances (Ten Seconds or Less)
- Short-Term Performances (10–180 Seconds)
- Factors Limiting All-Out Aerobic Performances
- Moderate-Length Performances (3–20 Minutes)
- Intermediate-Length Performances (21–60 Minutes)
- Long-Term Performances (1–4 Hours)
- Athlete as Machine
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 20: Training for Performance
- Chapter 20 Introduction
- Training Principles
- Overload, Specificity, and Reversibility
- Influence of Gender and Initial Fitness Level
- Influence of Genetics
- Components of a Training Session: Warm-Up, Workout, and Cool Down
- Training to Improve Aerobic Power
- Interval Training
- Long, Slow-Distance Exercise
- High-Intensity, Continuous Exercise
- Altitude Training Improves Exercise Performance at Sea Level
- Injuries and Endurance Training
- Training to Improve Anaerobic Power
- Training to Improve the ATP-PC System
- Training to Improve the Glycolytic System
- Training to Improve Muscular Strength
- Progressive Resistance Exercise
- General Strength-Training Principles
- Free Weights Versus Machines
- Gender Differences in Response to Strength Training
- Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training Programs
- Nutritional Influence on Training-Induced Skeletal Muscle Adaptations
- Carbohydrate Availability in Skeletal Muscle Influences Endurance Training Adaptation
- Protein Availability in Skeletal Muscle Influences Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Exercise
- Supplementation with Mega Doses of Antioxidants
- Muscle Soreness
- Training to Improve Flexibility
- Year-Round Conditioning for Athletes
- Off-Season Conditioning
- Preseason Conditioning
- In-Season Conditioning
- Common Training Mistakes
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 21: Training for the Female Athlete, Children, Special Populations, and the Masters Athlete
- Chapter 21 Introduction
- Factors Important to Women Involved in Vigorous Training
- Exercise and Menstrual Disorders
- Training and Menstruation
- The Female Athlete and Eating Disorders
- Eating Disorders: Final Comments
- Bone Mineral Disorders and the Female Athlete
- Exercise During Pregnancy
- Risk of Knee Injury in Female Athletes
- Sports Conditioning for Children
- Training and the Cardiopulmonary System
- Training and the Musculoskeletal System
- Progress in Pediatric Exercise Science
- Competitive Training for People with Diabetes
- Training for People with Asthma
- Epilepsy and Physical Training
- Does Exercise Promote Seizures?
- Risk of Injury Due to Seizures
- Exercise Performance and Training for Masters Athletes
- Age-Related Changes in Muscular Strength
- Aging and Endurance Performance
- Training Guidelines for Masters Athletes
- Lifelong Exercise Benefits the Aging Process
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 22: Nutrition, Body Composition, and Performance
- Chapter 22 Introduction
- Carbohydrate
- Carbohydrate Diets and Performance
- Carbohydrate Intake Prior to or During a Performance
- Carbohydrate Intake Post-Performance
- Protein
- Protein Requirements and Exercise
- Protein Requirements for Athletes
- Water and Electrolytes
- Fluid Replacement—Before Exercise
- Fluid Replacement—During Exercise
- Fluid Replacement—After Exercise
- Salt (NaCl)
- Minerals
- Iron
- Vitamins
- Precompetition Meal
- Nutrients in Precompetition Meal
- Body Composition and Performance
- Time Restricted Feeding, Intermittent Fasting, and Exercise Performance
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 23: Exercise and the Environment
- Chapter 23 Introduction
- Altitude
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Short-Term Anaerobic Performance
- Long-Term Aerobic Performance
- Maximal Aerobic Power and Altitude
- Acclimatization to High Altitude
- Training for Competition at Altitude
- The Quest for Everest
- Heat
- Hyperthermia
- Implications for Fitness
- Implications for Performance
- Cold
- Environmental Factors
- Insulating Factors
- Heat Production
- Descriptive Characteristics
- Dealing with Hypothermia
- Air Pollution
- Particulate Matter
- Ozone
- Sulfur Dioxide
- Carbon Monoxide
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Chapter 24: Ergogenic Aids
- Chapter 24 Introduction
- Research Design Concerns
- Dietary Supplements
- Aerobic Performance
- Oxygen
- Blood Doping
- Anaerobic Performance
- Blood Buffers
- Drugs
- Amphetamines
- Caffeine
- Mechanical Ergogenic Aids
- Cycling
- Performance Enhancing Wearable Equipment
- Physical Warm-Up
- Study Questions
- Suggested Readings
- References
- Appendix A: Calculation of Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production
- Appendix A Calculation of Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production
- Correction of Gas Volumes to Reference Conditions
- Combined Correction Factors
- Appendix B: Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Energy Requirements
- Appendix B Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Energy Requirements
- Appendix C: Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins
- Appendix C Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins
- Appendix D: Dietary Reference Intakes: Minerals and Elements
- Appendix D Dietary Reference Intakes: Minerals and Elements
- Appendix E: Percent Fat Estimate for Men: Sum of Triceps, Chest, and Subscapula Skinfolds
- Appendix E Percent Fat Estimate for Men: Sum of Triceps, Chest, and Subscapula Skinfolds
- Appendix F: Percent Fat Estimate for Women: Sum of Triceps, Abdomen, and Suprailium Skinfolds
- Appendix F Percent Fat Estimate for Women: Sum of Triceps, Abdomen, and Suprailium Skinfolds
- Appendix G: MET Equivalents for Exercise, Activities of Daily Living, and Household Chores
- Appendix G MET Equivalents for Exercise, Activities of Daily Living, and Household Chores
- Glossary
- Glossary
- Index
- Index
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- Figure 8.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
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- Figure 8.4a,b Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
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- Figure 8.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
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- Figure 9.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
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- Figure 10.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
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- Figure 10.21a,b Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
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- Figure 11.1a,b Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
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- Figure 14.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
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- Figure 15.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
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- Figure 16.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
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- Figure 17.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
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- Figure 18.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
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