In the name of Allah the Merciful

Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application for Fitness and Performance

Scott Powers, 1264529813, 1266201882, 1266133909, 9781264529810, 9781266201882, 9781266133909, 978-1264529810, 978-1266201882, 978-1266133909, 1-266-13390-9, 978-1-266-13390-9

English | 2024 | Original PDF | 100 MB | 733 Pages

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Exercise  Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance is  designed for students interested in exercise physiology, clinical  exercise physiology, human performance, kinesiology/exercise science,  physical therapy, and physical education. The text clearly presents the  latest understanding of the physiology of exercise through a review of  the research and the use of numerous clinical applications. This  comprehensive text offers instructors the freedom to select the material  that is most important for their courses. The twelfth edition has  undergone major revisions with the addition of Dr. John Quindry to the  author team, including adding three brand-new chapters focusing on  “Exercise is Medicine.”

  1. Table of Contents and Preface
  2. Cover Page
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright Page
  5. Dedication
  6. Brief Contents
  7. Contents
  8. Preface
  9. New To This Edition
  10. Proctorio
  11. Writing Assignment
  12. Connect
  13. Instructors The Power of Connections
  14. Students Get Learning that Fits You
  15. Acknowledgements
  16. Engaging Presentation of Key Concepts Supported by the Latest Research
  17. Research Focus
  18. A Closer Look
  19. Ask the Expert
  20. Practical Applications of Exercise Physiology
  21. Clinical Applications
  22. The Winning Edge
  23. Chapter 0: Introduction to Exercise Physiology
  24. Section 1 Physiology of Exercise
  25. Chapter 0 Introduction
  26. Milestones in the Evolution of Exercise Physiology
  27. Milestones in Exercise Physiology—The Early Years (1900–1950)
  28. Milestones in Exercise Physiology—Second Half of the Twentieth Century (1951–2000)
  29. Milestones in Exercise Physiology Research—2001 to Present
  30. Exercise Physiology Research: The Path to New Knowledge
  31. The Scientific Method
  32. Classes of Research Designs
  33. Field and Laboratory Research
  34. Basic and Applied Research
  35. Reading and Understanding Scientific Journals
  36. Searching the Scientific Literature
  37. Components of a Scientific Research Report
  38. How to Critically Evaluate the Quality of a Research Study
  39. Exercise Physiology/Sports Science Professional Organizations
  40. Certification by Professional Organizations
  41. Careers in Exercise Physiology and Related Fields
  42. Study Questions
  43. Suggested Readings
  44. References
  45. Chapter 1: Common Measurements in Exercise Physiology
  46. Chapter 1 Introduction
  47. Units of Measure
  48. Metric System
  49. SI Units
  50. Work and Power Defined
  51. Work
  52. Power
  53. Types of Ergometers
  54. Bench Step
  55. Cycle Ergometer
  56. Arm Ergometer
  57. Treadmill
  58. Measurement of Work and Power
  59. Cycle Ergometer
  60. Treadmill
  61. Measurement of Energy Expenditure
  62. Direct Calorimetry
  63. Indirect Calorimetry
  64. Common Expressions of Oxygen Consumption and Energy Expenditure
  65. Estimation of Energy Expenditure
  66. Calculation of Exercise Efficiency
  67. Factors That Influence Exercise Efficiency
  68. Running Economy
  69. Study Questions
  70. Suggested Readings
  71. References
  72. Chapter 2: Control of the Internal Environment
  73. Chapter 2 Introduction
  74. Homeostasis: Dynamic Constancy
  75. Control Systems of the Body
  76. Nature of the Control Systems
  77. Negative Feedback
  78. Positive Feedback
  79. Gain of a Control System
  80. Examples of Homeostatic Control
  81. Regulation of Body Temperature
  82. Regulation of Blood Glucose
  83. Exercise: A Test of Homeostatic Control
  84. Exercise Improves Homeostatic Control Via Cellular Adaptation
  85. Stress Proteins Assist in the Regulation of Cellular Homeostasis
  86. Study Questions
  87. Suggested Readings
  88. References
  89. Chapter 3: Bioenergetics
  90. Chapter 3 Introduction
  91. Cell Structure
  92. Biological Energy Transformation
  93. Cellular Chemical Reactions
  94. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
  95. Enzymes
  96. Fuels for Exercise
  97. Carbohydrates
  98. Fats
  99. Proteins
  100. High-Energy Phosphates
  101. Bioenergetics
  102. Anaerobic ATP Production
  103. Aerobic ATP Production
  104. Aerobic ATP Tally
  105. Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation
  106. Control of Bioenergetics
  107. Control of ATP-PC System
  108. Control of Glycolysis
  109. Control of Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
  110. Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production
  111. Study Questions
  112. Suggested Readings
  113. References
  114. Chapter 4: Exercise Metabolism
  115. Chapter 4 Introduction
  116. Domains of Exercise Intensity
  117. Energy Requirements at Rest
  118. Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
  119. Recovery from Exercise: Metabolic Responses
  120. Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity
  121. Short-Term, Severe Exercise
  122. Prolonged Exercise
  123. Incremental Exercise
  124. Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise
  125. Factors Governing Fuel Selection
  126. Exercise Intensity and Fuel Selection
  127. Exercise Duration and Fuel Selection
  128. Interaction of Fat/Carbohydrate Metabolism
  129. Body Fuel Sources
  130. Study Questions
  131. Suggested Readings
  132. References
  133. Chapter 5: Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Responses to Exercise
  134. Chapter 5 Introduction
  135. Neuroendocrinology
  136. Blood Hormone Concentration
  137. Hormone–Receptor Interaction
  138. Hormones: Regulation and Action
  139. Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
  140. Thyroid Gland
  141. Parathyroid Gland
  142. Adrenal Gland
  143. Pancreas
  144. Testes and Ovaries
  145. Hormonal Control of Substrate Mobilization During Exercise
  146. Muscle-Glycogen Utilization
  147. Blood Glucose Homeostasis during Exercise
  148. Hormone–Substrate Interaction
  149. Study Questions
  150. Suggested Readings
  151. References
  152. Chapter 6: Exercise and the Immune System
  153. Chapter 6 Introduction
  154. Overview of the Immune System
  155. Innate Immune System
  156. Acquired Immune System
  157. Exercise and the Immune System
  158. Exercise and Resistance to Infection
  159. Exercise, Circulating Immune Cell Counts, and Activity
  160. High-Intensity/Long-Duration Aerobic Exercise Increases the Risk of Infection
  161. Exercising in Environmental Extremes: Increased Risk for Infection?
  162. Should You Exercise When You Have a Cold?
  163. Study Questions
  164. Suggested Readings
  165. References
  166. Chapter 7: The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
  167. Chapter 7 Introduction
  168. General Nervous System Functions
  169. Organization of the Nervous System
  170. Structure of the Neuron
  171. Electrical Activity in Neurons
  172. Sensory Information and Reflexes
  173. Joint Proprioceptors
  174. Muscle Proprioceptors
  175. Muscle Chemoreceptors
  176. Somatic Motor Function and Motor Neurons
  177. Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium
  178. Motor Control Functions of the Brain
  179. Cerebrum
  180. Cerebellum
  181. Brain Stem
  182. Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord
  183. Control of Motor Functions
  184. Autonomic Nervous System
  185. Motor Unit Aging and the Preventive Influence of Exercise Training
  186. Exercise Enhances Brain Health
  187. Study Questions
  188. Suggested Readings
  189. References
  190. Chapter 8: Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
  191. Chapter 8 Introduction
  192. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
  193. Neuromuscular Junction
  194. Muscular Contraction
  195. Overview of the Sliding Filament/Swinging Lever-Arm Model
  196. Energy for Contraction
  197. Regulation of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
  198. Exercise and Muscle Fatigue
  199. Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps
  200. Dehydration and Electrolyte Imbalance Theory
  201. Altered Neuromuscular Control Theory
  202. Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps: Conclusions
  203. Muscle Fiber Types
  204. Overview of Biochemical and Contractile Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
  205. Functional Characteristics of Muscle Fiber Types
  206. Fiber Types and Performance
  207. Muscle Actions
  208. Speed of Muscle Action and Relaxation
  209. Force Regulation in Muscle
  210. Force-Velocity/Power-Velocity Relationships
  211. Study Questions
  212. Suggested Readings
  213. References
  214. Chapter 9: Circulatory Responses to Exercise
  215. Chapter 9 Introduction
  216. Organization of the Circulatory System
  217. Structure of the Heart
  218. Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
  219. Heart: Myocardium and Cardiac Cycle
  220. Myocardium
  221. Cardiac Cycle
  222. Arterial Blood Pressure
  223. Factors That Influence Arterial Blood Pressure
  224. Electrical Activity of the Heart
  225. Cardiac Output
  226. Regulation of Heart Rate
  227. Heart Rate Variability
  228. Regulation of Stroke Volume
  229. Hemodynamics
  230. Physical Characteristics of Blood
  231. Relationships among Pressure, Resistance, and Flow
  232. Sources of Vascular Resistance
  233. Changes in Oxygen Delivery to Muscle During Exercise
  234. Changes in Cardiac Output during Exercise
  235. Changes in Arterial-Mixed Venous O2 Content during Exercise
  236. Redistribution of Blood Flow during Exercise
  237. Regulation of Local Blood Flow during Exercise
  238. Circulatory Responses to Exercise
  239. Pressure and Volume Responses to Exercise
  240. Emotional Influence
  241. Transition from Rest to Exercise
  242. Recovery from Exercise
  243. Incremental Exercise
  244. Arm Versus Leg Exercise
  245. Intermittent Exercise
  246. Prolonged Exercise
  247. Regulation of Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise
  248. Study Questions
  249. Suggested Readings
  250. References
  251. Chapter 10: Respiration during Exercise
  252. Chapter 10 Introduction
  253. Function of the Respiratory System—The Big Picture
  254. Structure of the Respiratory System
  255. Conducting Zone
  256. Respiratory Zone
  257. Mechanics of Breathing
  258. Inspiration
  259. Expiration
  260. Airway Resistance
  261. Pulmonary Ventilation
  262. Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
  263. Diffusion of Gases
  264. Blood Flow to the Lung
  265. Ventilation–Perfusion Relationships
  266. O2 and CO2 Transport in Blood
  267. Hemoglobin and O2 Transport
  268. Oxygen–Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
  269. O2 Transport in Muscle
  270. CO2 Transport in Blood
  271. Ventilation and Acid–Base Balance
  272. Ventilatory and Blood–Gas Responses to Exercise
  273. Rest-to-Work Transitions
  274. Prolonged Exercise in a Hot Environment
  275. Incremental Exercise
  276. Changes in Breathing Pattern during Exercise
  277. Control of Ventilation
  278. Ventilatory Regulation at Rest
  279. Respiratory Control Center
  280. Input to the Respiratory Control Center
  281. Ventilatory Control during Moderate-Intensity Exercise
  282. Ventilatory Control during Heavy and Very Heavy Exercise
  283. Do the Lungs Adapt to Exercise Training?
  284. Does the Pulmonary System Limit Maximal Exercise Performance?
  285. Study Questions
  286. Suggested Readings
  287. References
  288. Chapter 11: Acid-Base Balance during Exercise
  289. Chapter 11 Introduction
  290. Acids, Bases, and pH
  291. Hydrogen Ion Production during Exercise
  292. Importance of Acid-Base Regulation during Exercise
  293. Acid-Base Buffer Systems
  294. Intracellular Buffers
  295. Influence of Muscle Fiber Type and Exercise Training on Intracellular Buffer Capacity
  296. Extracellular Buffers
  297. Respiratory Influence on Acid-Base Balance
  298. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance Via the Kidneys
  299. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance During Exercise
  300. Study Questions
  301. Suggested Readings
  302. References
  303. Chapter 12: Temperature Regulation
  304. Chapter 12 Introduction
  305. Overview of Heat Balance during Exercise
  306. Temperature Measurement during Exercise
  307. Overview of Heat Production/Heat Loss
  308. Heat Production
  309. Heat Loss
  310. Heat Storage in the Body during Exercise
  311. Body’s Thermostat—Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus
  312. Shift in the Hypothalamic Thermostat Set Point Due to Fever
  313. Thermal Events During Exercise
  314. Heat Index—A Measure of How Hot It Feels
  315. Exercise in a Hot Environment
  316. Sweat Rates during Exercise
  317. Exercise Performance is Impaired in a Hot Environment
  318. Gender and Age Differences in Thermoregulation
  319. Heat Acclimation
  320. Loss of Acclimation
  321. Exercise in a Cold Environment
  322. Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Cold
  323. Cold Acclimation
  324. Study Questions
  325. Suggested Readings
  326. References
  327. Chapter 13: The Physiology of Training: Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Training
  328. Chapter 13 Introduction
  329. Principles of Training
  330. Overload and Reversibility
  331. Specificity
  332. Endurance Training and V̇O2 Max
  333. Training Programs and Changes in V̇O2 Max
  334. Why Does Exercise Training Improve V̇O2 Max?
  335. Stroke Volume
  336. Arteriovenous O2 Difference
  337. Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis
  338. Endurance Training-Induced Changes in Fiber Type and Capillarity
  339. Endurance Training Increases Mitochondrial Content in Skeletal Muscle Fibers
  340. Training-Induced Changes in Muscle Fuel Utilization
  341. Endurance Training Improves Muscle Antioxidant Capacity
  342. Exercise Training Improves Acid-Base Balance during Exercise
  343. Molecular Bases of Exercise Training Adaptation
  344. Training Adaptation—Big Picture
  345. Specificity of Exercise Training Responses
  346. Primary Signal Transduction Pathways in Skeletal Muscle
  347. Secondary Messengers in Skeletal Muscle
  348. Signaling Events Leading to Endurance Training-Induced Muscle Adaptation
  349. Endurance Training: Links Between Muscle and Systemic Physiology
  350. Peripheral Feedback
  351. Central Command
  352. Detraining Following Endurance Training
  353. Muscle Adaptations to Anaerobic Exercise Training
  354. Anaerobic Training-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscles
  355. Anaerobic Training-Induced Increases in Performance
  356. Study Questions
  357. Suggested Readings
  358. References
  359. Chapter 14: The Physiology of Resistance Training
  360. Chapter 14 Introduction
  361. Physiological Effects of Resistance Exercise Training
  362. Resistance Training Promotes Changes in the Nervous System
  363. Resistance Training Alters the Properties of Muscle Fibers
  364. Resistance Training–Induced Changes in Muscle Fiber Type
  365. Does Resistance Training Improve Muscle Oxidative Capacity and Increase Capillary Number?
  366. Resistance Training Improves Muscle Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
  367. Resistance Training Increases Tendon and Ligament Strength
  368. Resistance Training Improves Bone Mineral Content
  369. Time Course and Signaling Events Leading to Resistance Training–Induced Muscle Growth
  370. Time Course of Muscle Protein Synthesis
  371. Signaling Events Leading to Resistance Training–Induced Muscle Growth
  372. Do Hormones Contribute to Resistance Training–Induced Hypertrophy?
  373. Do Anti-inflammatory Drugs Impact Training-induced Hypertrophy?
  374. Role of Satellite Cells in Resistance Training–Induced Hypertrophy
  375. Genetic Influence on the Magnitude of Resistance Training–Induced Hypertrophy
  376. Detraining Following Strength Training
  377. Prolonged Inactivity of Skeletal Muscles Leads to Rapid Atrophy
  378. Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training
  379. Mechanisms Responsible for the Impairment of Strength Development during Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training
  380. Study Questions
  381. Suggested Readings
  382. References
  383. Chapter 15: Exercise Is Medicine–Part 1: Prevention of Chronic Diseases
  384. Section 2 Physiology of Health and Fitness
  385. Chapter 15 Introduction
  386. Key Terms Used in Exercise Epidemiology
  387. Prolonged Sedentary Behavior Increases the Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Chronic Diseases
  388. Prolonged Sitting Is Associated with Increased All-Cause Mortality
  389. Sedentary Behavior Increases the Risk of Death from CHD
  390. Biological Links Between Prolonged SB and Chronic Diseases
  391. Exercise is Medicine
  392. Aerobic PA Reduces all Cause Mortality
  393. Aerobic PA Reduces All-Cause Mortality by Lowering the Risk of Death from Chronic Diseases
  394. Biological Links Between Aerobic PA and The Reduced Incidence of Chronic Diseases
  395. Protection Against CHD: Cardiovascular Benefits of Aerobic Exercise
  396. Aerobic PA Reduces the Risk of Cancer
  397. Aerobic PA Protects Against Severe Illness or Death from COVID-19
  398. Aerobic PA Reduces Both the Risk of Stroke and Brain Damage Due to Stroke
  399. Protection Against Alzheimer’s Disease-Health Benefits of Aerobic PA
  400. Aerobic PA/Exercise Improves Metabolic Health and Protects Against Type 2 Diabetes
  401. Resistance Training Reduces all Cause Mortality
  402. Resistance Training Reduces All-Cause Mortality by Lowering the Risk of Death from Type II Diabetes and Cancer
  403. Biological Links Between Resistance Exercise and Reduced All-Cause Mortality
  404. Mechanisms Linking Resistance Exercise to Protection Against Type 2 Diabetes
  405. Mechanisms Linking Resistance Exercise to Reduced Risk of Cancer
  406. Study Questions
  407. Suggested Readings
  408. References
  409. Chapter 16: Exercise Is Medicine–Part 2: Therapy for Chronic Diseases and Prevention of Age-related Physiological Dysfunction
  410. Chapter 16 Introduction
  411. Exercise and Cardiovascular Diseases
  412. Exercise as a Therapy for CHD
  413. Exercise as Therapy for Hypertension
  414. Exercise as Therapy for Patients Recovering from Stroke
  415. Exercise as Therapy for Cancer Patients
  416. Overview of Cancer as a Chronic Disease
  417. Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Are Beneficial to Cancer Patients
  418. Mechanisms Linking Exercise to Successful Treatment of Cancer
  419. Exercise as Therapy for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
  420. Overview of COPD
  421. Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Benefits COPD Patients
  422. Mechanisms Linking Exercise to Successful Treatment of COPD
  423. Exercise as Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes
  424. Overview of Type 2 Diabetes
  425. Exercise Benefits Type 2 Diabetics
  426. Mechanisms Connecting Exercise to Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
  427. Exercise as Therapy to Delay Age-Related Declines in Physiological Function
  428. Overview of Age-Related Declines in Physiological Function
  429. Exercise Delays the Age-Related Loss in Physiological Function
  430. Mechanisms Regulating Exercise-Induced Improvements in Physiological Function in Older Individuals
  431. Study Questions
  432. Suggested Readings
  433. References
  434. Chapter 17: Exercise Is Medicine–Part 3: Exercise Prescriptions for Health and Fitness
  435. Chapter 17 Introduction
  436. Exercise Dose-Response Curve
  437. Defining a Dose of Exercise
  438. Physical Activity Guidelines to Improve Health
  439. Light-intensity Physical Activity, Step Counts, and Health
  440. Exercise Prescription for cardiorespiratory fitness
  441. Frequency
  442. Exercise Intensity
  443. Monitoring Heart Rate
  444. Time (Duration)
  445. Assessment of V̇O2 max
  446. Direct Measurement of V̇O2 max
  447. Estimating V̇O2 max
  448. Strength Training
  449. Training to Improve Flexibility
  450. Study Questions
  451. Suggested Readings
  452. References
  453. Chapter 18: Nutrition, Body Composition, and Weight Management
  454. Chapter 18 Introduction
  455. Nutrition—The Science of Food
  456. Classes and Functions of Nutrients
  457. Macronutrients
  458. Carbohydrates
  459. Proteins
  460. Lipids (fats)
  461. Water
  462. Micronutrients
  463. Vitamins
  464. Minerals
  465. Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Guidelines
  466. Estimated Average Requirements
  467. Recommended Dietary Allowance
  468. Adequate Intakes
  469. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
  470. Estimated Energy Requirement
  471. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
  472. Nutrition Facts Panel on Food
  473. Nutritional Recommendations for Intake of Macro- and Micronutrients
  474. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
  475. Recommendations for Micronutrient Intake
  476. Dietary Guidelines for Americans
  477. Body Composition
  478. Methods of Assessing Overweight and Obesity
  479. Methods of Measuring Body Composition
  480. What is a Healthy Percent Body Fat?
  481. Weight Loss: Role of Diet and Exercise
  482. Body Energy Balance
  483. Popular Diet Plans
  484. Does the Macronutrient Composition of Diets Influence Weight Loss?
  485. Factors that Influence Adherence to a Diet
  486. Low-Energy Diets Result in a Loss of Both Fat and Fat Free Mass
  487. Exercise Alone Does Not Promote Long-Term Weight Loss
  488. Combining Exercise and Diet Promotes Weight Loss and Maintains Fat Free Mass
  489. Steps to Achieving a Healthy Percent Body Fat
  490. Study Questions
  491. Suggested Readings
  492. References
  493. Chapter 19: Factors Affecting Performance
  494. Section 3 Physiology of Performance
  495. Chapter 19 Introduction
  496. Sites of Fatigue
  497. Central Fatigue
  498. Peripheral Fatigue
  499. Both Central and Peripheral Fatigue
  500. Factors Limiting All-Out Anaerobic Performances
  501. Ultra Short-Term Performances (Ten Seconds or Less)
  502. Short-Term Performances (10–180 Seconds)
  503. Factors Limiting All-Out Aerobic Performances
  504. Moderate-Length Performances (3–20 Minutes)
  505. Intermediate-Length Performances (21–60 Minutes)
  506. Long-Term Performances (1–4 Hours)
  507. Athlete as Machine
  508. Study Questions
  509. Suggested Readings
  510. References
  511. Chapter 20: Training for Performance
  512. Chapter 20 Introduction
  513. Training Principles
  514. Overload, Specificity, and Reversibility
  515. Influence of Gender and Initial Fitness Level
  516. Influence of Genetics
  517. Components of a Training Session: Warm-Up, Workout, and Cool Down
  518. Training to Improve Aerobic Power
  519. Interval Training
  520. Long, Slow-Distance Exercise
  521. High-Intensity, Continuous Exercise
  522. Altitude Training Improves Exercise Performance at Sea Level
  523. Injuries and Endurance Training
  524. Training to Improve Anaerobic Power
  525. Training to Improve the ATP-PC System
  526. Training to Improve the Glycolytic System
  527. Training to Improve Muscular Strength
  528. Progressive Resistance Exercise
  529. General Strength-Training Principles
  530. Free Weights Versus Machines
  531. Gender Differences in Response to Strength Training
  532. Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training Programs
  533. Nutritional Influence on Training-Induced Skeletal Muscle Adaptations
  534. Carbohydrate Availability in Skeletal Muscle Influences Endurance Training Adaptation
  535. Protein Availability in Skeletal Muscle Influences Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Exercise
  536. Supplementation with Mega Doses of Antioxidants
  537. Muscle Soreness
  538. Training to Improve Flexibility
  539. Year-Round Conditioning for Athletes
  540. Off-Season Conditioning
  541. Preseason Conditioning
  542. In-Season Conditioning
  543. Common Training Mistakes
  544. Study Questions
  545. Suggested Readings
  546. References
  547. Chapter 21: Training for the Female Athlete, Children, Special Populations, and the Masters Athlete
  548. Chapter 21 Introduction
  549. Factors Important to Women Involved in Vigorous Training
  550. Exercise and Menstrual Disorders
  551. Training and Menstruation
  552. The Female Athlete and Eating Disorders
  553. Eating Disorders: Final Comments
  554. Bone Mineral Disorders and the Female Athlete
  555. Exercise During Pregnancy
  556. Risk of Knee Injury in Female Athletes
  557. Sports Conditioning for Children
  558. Training and the Cardiopulmonary System
  559. Training and the Musculoskeletal System
  560. Progress in Pediatric Exercise Science
  561. Competitive Training for People with Diabetes
  562. Training for People with Asthma
  563. Epilepsy and Physical Training
  564. Does Exercise Promote Seizures?
  565. Risk of Injury Due to Seizures
  566. Exercise Performance and Training for Masters Athletes
  567. Age-Related Changes in Muscular Strength
  568. Aging and Endurance Performance
  569. Training Guidelines for Masters Athletes
  570. Lifelong Exercise Benefits the Aging Process
  571. Study Questions
  572. Suggested Readings
  573. References
  574. Chapter 22: Nutrition, Body Composition, and Performance
  575. Chapter 22 Introduction
  576. Carbohydrate
  577. Carbohydrate Diets and Performance
  578. Carbohydrate Intake Prior to or During a Performance
  579. Carbohydrate Intake Post-Performance
  580. Protein
  581. Protein Requirements and Exercise
  582. Protein Requirements for Athletes
  583. Water and Electrolytes
  584. Fluid Replacement—Before Exercise
  585. Fluid Replacement—During Exercise
  586. Fluid Replacement—After Exercise
  587. Salt (NaCl)
  588. Minerals
  589. Iron
  590. Vitamins
  591. Precompetition Meal
  592. Nutrients in Precompetition Meal
  593. Body Composition and Performance
  594. Time Restricted Feeding, Intermittent Fasting, and Exercise Performance
  595. Study Questions
  596. Suggested Readings
  597. References
  598. Chapter 23: Exercise and the Environment
  599. Chapter 23 Introduction
  600. Altitude
  601. Atmospheric Pressure
  602. Short-Term Anaerobic Performance
  603. Long-Term Aerobic Performance
  604. Maximal Aerobic Power and Altitude
  605. Acclimatization to High Altitude
  606. Training for Competition at Altitude
  607. The Quest for Everest
  608. Heat
  609. Hyperthermia
  610. Implications for Fitness
  611. Implications for Performance
  612. Cold
  613. Environmental Factors
  614. Insulating Factors
  615. Heat Production
  616. Descriptive Characteristics
  617. Dealing with Hypothermia
  618. Air Pollution
  619. Particulate Matter
  620. Ozone
  621. Sulfur Dioxide
  622. Carbon Monoxide
  623. Study Questions
  624. Suggested Readings
  625. References
  626. Chapter 24: Ergogenic Aids
  627. Chapter 24 Introduction
  628. Research Design Concerns
  629. Dietary Supplements
  630. Aerobic Performance
  631. Oxygen
  632. Blood Doping
  633. Anaerobic Performance
  634. Blood Buffers
  635. Drugs
  636. Amphetamines
  637. Caffeine
  638. Mechanical Ergogenic Aids
  639. Cycling
  640. Performance Enhancing Wearable Equipment
  641. Physical Warm-Up
  642. Study Questions
  643. Suggested Readings
  644. References
  645. Appendix A: Calculation of Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production
  646. Appendix A Calculation of Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production
  647. Correction of Gas Volumes to Reference Conditions
  648. Combined Correction Factors
  649. Appendix B: Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Energy Requirements
  650. Appendix B Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Energy Requirements
  651. Appendix C: Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins
  652. Appendix C Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins
  653. Appendix D: Dietary Reference Intakes: Minerals and Elements
  654. Appendix D Dietary Reference Intakes: Minerals and Elements
  655. Appendix E: Percent Fat Estimate for Men: Sum of Triceps, Chest, and Subscapula Skinfolds
  656. Appendix E Percent Fat Estimate for Men: Sum of Triceps, Chest, and Subscapula Skinfolds
  657. Appendix F: Percent Fat Estimate for Women: Sum of Triceps, Abdomen, and Suprailium Skinfolds
  658. Appendix F Percent Fat Estimate for Women: Sum of Triceps, Abdomen, and Suprailium Skinfolds
  659. Appendix G: MET Equivalents for Exercise, Activities of Daily Living, and Household Chores
  660. Appendix G MET Equivalents for Exercise, Activities of Daily Living, and Household Chores
  661. Glossary
  662. Glossary
  663. Index
  664. Index
  665. Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images
  666. Figure 0.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 0)
  667. Figure 0.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 0)
  668. Figure 0.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 0)
  669. Figure 0.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 0)
  670. Figure 0.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 0)
  671. Figure 0.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 0)
  672. Figure 0.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 0)
  673. Figure 0.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 0)
  674. Figure 0.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 0)
  675. Figure 0.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 0)
  676. Figure 1.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 1)
  677. Figure 1.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 1)
  678. Figure 1.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 1)
  679. Figure 1.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 1)
  680. Figure 1.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 1)
  681. Figure 1.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 1)
  682. Figure 1.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 1)
  683. Figure 1.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 1)
  684. Figure 1.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 1)
  685. Figure 2.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 2)
  686. Figure 2.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 2)
  687. Figure 2.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 2)
  688. Figure 2.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 2)
  689. Figure 2.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 2)
  690. Figure 2.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 2)
  691. Figure 2.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 2)
  692. Figure 3.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  693. Figure 3.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  694. Figure 3.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  695. Figure 3.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  696. Figure 3.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  697. Figure 3.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  698. Figure 3.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  699. Figure 3.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  700. Figure 3.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  701. Figure 3.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  702. Figure 3.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  703. Figure 3.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  704. Figure 3.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  705. Figure 3.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  706. Figure 3.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  707. Figure 3.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  708. Figure 3.18 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  709. Figure 3.19 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  710. Figure 3.20 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  711. Figure 3.21 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  712. Figure 3.22 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  713. Figure 3.23a,b Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  714. Figure 3.24 Text Alternative (Chapter 3)
  715. Figure 4.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  716. Figure 4.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  717. Figure 4.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  718. Figure 4.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  719. Figure 4.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  720. Figure 4.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  721. Figure 4.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  722. Figure 4.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  723. Figure 4.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  724. Figure 4.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  725. Figure 4.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  726. Figure 4.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  727. Figure 4.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  728. Figure 4.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  729. Figure 4.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  730. Figure 4.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  731. Figure 4.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 4)
  732. Figure 5.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  733. Figure 5.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  734. Figure 5.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  735. Figure 5.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  736. Figure 5.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  737. Figure 5.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  738. Figure 5.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  739. Figure 5.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  740. Figure 5.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  741. Figure 5.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  742. Figure 5.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  743. Figure 5.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  744. Figure 5.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  745. Figure 5.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  746. Figure 5.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  747. Figure 5.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  748. Figure 5.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  749. Figure 5.18 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  750. Figure 5.19 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  751. Figure 5.20 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  752. Figure 5.21 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  753. Figure 5.22 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  754. Figure 5.23 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  755. Figure 5.24 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  756. Figure 5.25 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  757. Figure 5.26 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  758. Figure 5.27 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  759. Figure 5.28 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  760. Figure 5.29 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  761. Figure 5.30 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  762. Figure 5.31 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  763. Figure 5.32 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  764. Figure 5.33 Text Alternative (Chapter 5)
  765. Figure 6.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
  766. Figure 6.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
  767. Figure 6.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
  768. Figure 6.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
  769. Figure 6.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
  770. Figure 6.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
  771. Figure 6.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 6)
  772. Figure 7.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  773. Figure 7.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  774. Figure 7.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  775. Figure 7.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  776. Figure 7.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  777. Figure 7.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  778. Figure 7.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  779. Figure 7.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  780. Figure 7.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  781. Figure 7.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  782. Figure 7.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  783. Figure 7.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  784. Figure 7.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  785. Figure 7.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  786. Figure 7.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  787. Figure 7.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  788. Figure 7.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  789. Figure 7.19 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  790. Figure 7.20 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  791. Figure 7.21 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  792. Figure 7.22 Text Alternative (Chapter 7)
  793. Figure 8.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  794. Figure 8.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  795. Figure 8.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  796. Figure 8.4a,b Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  797. Figure 8.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  798. Figure 8.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  799. Figure 8.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  800. Figure 8.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  801. Figure 8.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  802. Figure 8.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  803. Figure 8.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  804. Figure 8.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  805. Figure 8.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  806. Figure 8.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  807. Figure 8.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  808. Figure 8.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  809. Figure 8.18 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  810. Figure 8.19 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  811. Figure 8.20 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  812. Figure 8.21 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  813. Figure 8.22 Text Alternative (Chapter 8)
  814. Figure 9.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  815. Figure 9.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  816. Figure 9.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  817. Figure 9.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  818. Figure 9.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  819. Figure 9.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  820. Figure 9.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  821. Figure 9.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  822. Figure 9.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  823. Figure 9.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  824. Figure 9.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  825. Figure 9.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  826. Figure 9.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  827. Figure 9.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  828. Figure 9.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  829. Figure 9.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  830. Figure 9.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  831. Figure 9.18 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  832. Figure 9.19 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  833. Figure 9.20 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  834. Figure 9.21 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  835. Figure 9.22 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  836. Figure 9.23 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  837. Figure 9.24 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  838. Figure 9.25 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  839. Figure 9.26 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  840. Figure 9.27 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  841. Figure 9.28 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  842. Figure 9.29 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  843. Figure 9.30 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  844. Figure 9.31 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  845. Figure 9.32 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  846. Figure 9.33 Text Alternative (Chapter 9)
  847. Figure 10.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  848. Figure 10.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  849. Figure 10.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  850. Figure 10.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  851. Figure 10.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  852. Figure 10.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  853. Figure 10.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  854. Figure 10.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  855. Figure 10.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  856. Figure 10.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  857. Figure 10.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  858. Figure 10.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  859. Figure 10.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  860. Figure 10.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  861. Figure 10.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  862. Figure 10.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  863. Figure 10.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  864. Figure 10.18 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  865. Figure 10.19 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  866. Figure 10.20 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  867. Figure 10.21a,b Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  868. Figure 10.22 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  869. Figure 10.23 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  870. Figure 10.24 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  871. Figure 10.25 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  872. Figure 10.26 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  873. Figure 10.27 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  874. Figure 10.28 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  875. Figure 10.29 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  876. Figure 10.30 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  877. Figure 10.31 Text Alternative (Chapter 10)
  878. Figure 11.1a,b Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  879. Figure 11.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  880. Figure 11.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  881. Figure 11.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  882. Figure 11.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  883. Figure 11.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  884. Figure 11.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 11)
  885. Figure 12.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  886. Figure 12.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  887. Figure 12.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  888. Figure 12.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  889. Figure 12.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  890. Figure 12.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  891. Figure 12.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  892. Figure 12.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  893. Figure 12.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  894. Figure 12.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  895. Figure 12.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  896. Figure 12.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  897. Figure 12.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  898. Figure 12.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  899. Figure 12.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  900. Figure 13.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  901. Figure 13.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  902. Figure 13.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  903. Figure 13.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  904. Figure 13.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  905. Figure 13.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  906. Figure 13.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  907. Figure 13.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  908. Figure 13.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  909. Figure 13.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  910. Figure 13.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  911. Figure 13.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  912. Figure 13.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  913. Figure 13.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  914. Figure 13.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  915. Figure 13.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 13)
  916. Figure 14.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  917. Figure 14.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  918. Figure 14.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 12)
  919. Figure 14.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  920. Figure 14.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  921. Figure 14.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  922. Figure 14.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  923. Figure 14.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  924. Figure 14.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  925. Figure 14.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  926. Figure 14.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 14)
  927. Figure 15.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  928. Figure 15.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  929. Figure 15.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  930. Figure 15.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  931. Figure 15.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  932. Figure 15.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  933. Figure 15.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  934. Figure 15.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  935. Figure 15.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  936. Figure 15.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  937. Figure 15.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  938. Figure 15.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  939. Figure 15.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  940. Figure 15.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  941. Figure 15.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  942. Figure 15.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  943. Figure 15.18 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  944. Figure 15.19 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  945. Figure 15.20 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  946. Figure 15.21 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  947. Figure 15.22 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  948. Figure 15.23 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  949. Figure 15.24 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  950. Figure 15.25 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  951. Figure 15.26 Text Alternative (Chapter 15)
  952. Figure 16.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  953. Figure 16.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  954. Figure 16.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  955. Figure 16.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  956. Figure 16.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  957. Figure 16.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  958. Figure 16.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  959. Figure 16.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  960. Figure 16.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  961. Figure 16.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  962. Figure 16.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  963. Figure 16.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  964. Figure 16.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  965. Figure 16.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  966. Figure 16.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  967. Figure 16.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  968. Figure 16.18 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  969. Figure 16.19 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  970. Figure 16.20 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  971. Figure 16.21 Text Alternative (Chapter 16)
  972. Figure 17.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  973. Figure 17.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  974. Figure 17.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  975. Figure 17.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  976. Figure 17.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  977. Figure 17.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  978. Figure 17.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  979. Figure 17.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  980. Figure 17.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  981. Figure 17.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  982. Figure 17.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 17)
  983. Figure 18.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  984. Figure 18.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  985. Figure 18.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  986. Figure 18.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  987. Figure 18.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  988. Figure 18.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  989. Figure 18.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  990. Figure 18.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  991. Figure 18.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  992. Figure 18.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  993. Figure 18.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  994. Figure 18.16 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  995. Figure 18.17 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  996. Figure 18.18 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  997. Figure 18.19 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  998. Figure 18.20 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  999. Figure 18.21 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  1000. Figure 18.22 Text Alternative (Chapter 18)
  1001. Figure 19.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  1002. Figure 19.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  1003. Figure 19.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  1004. Figure 19.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  1005. Figure 19.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  1006. Figure 19.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  1007. Figure 19.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  1008. Figure 19.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  1009. Figure 19.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  1010. Figure 19.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 19)
  1011. Figure 20.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1012. Figure 20.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1013. Figure 20.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1014. Figure 20.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1015. Figure 20.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1016. Figure 20.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1017. Figure 20.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1018. Figure 20.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1019. Figure 20.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1020. Figure 20.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1021. Figure 20.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1022. Figure 20.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1023. Figure 20.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1024. Figure 20.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1025. Figure 20.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 20)
  1026. Figure 21.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1027. Figure 21.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1028. Figure 21.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1029. Figure 21.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1030. Figure 21.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1031. Figure 21.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1032. Figure 21.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1033. Figure 21.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1034. Figure 21.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1035. Figure 21.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1036. Figure 21.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1037. Figure 21.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 21)
  1038. Figure 22.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1039. Figure 22.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1040. Figure 22.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1041. Figure 22.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1042. Figure 22.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1043. Figure 22.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1044. Figure 22.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1045. Figure 22.8 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1046. Figure 22.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1047. Figure 22.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1048. Figure 22.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 22)
  1049. Figure 23.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1050. Figure 23.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1051. Figure 23.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1052. Figure 23.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1053. Figure 23.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1054. Figure 23.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1055. Figure 23.9 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1056. Figure 23.10 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1057. Figure 23.11 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1058. Figure 23.12 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1059. Figure 23.13 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1060. Figure 23.14 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1061. Figure 23.15 Text Alternative (Chapter 23)
  1062. Figure 24.1 Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  1063. Figure 24.2 Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  1064. Figure 24.3 Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  1065. Figure 24.4 Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  1066. Figure 24.5 Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  1067. Figure 24.6 Text Alternative (Chapter 24)
  1068. Figure 24.7 Text Alternative (Chapter 24)